7. STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION

Accounting for Stock-Based Compensation

2021 Stock Incentive Plan

The 2021 Stock Incentive Plan (the “2021 Plan”) was adopted on June 23, 2021, authorizing an aggregate of 6,000,000 shares of common stock for grants of incentive or nonqualified stock options, rights to purchase restricted and unrestricted shares of common stock, stock appreciation rights and performance share grants. The Compensation Committee determines exercise prices, vesting periods and any performance requirements on the date of grant, subject to the provisions of the 2021 Plan. Options are granted at or above the fair market value of the common stock at the grant date and expire on the tenth anniversary of the grant date. Vesting periods are generally between one and three years. Options granted pursuant to the 2021 Plan generally will become fully vested upon a termination event occurring within one year following a change in control, as defined. A termination event is defined as either termination of employment or services other than for cause or constructive termination of employees or consultants resulting from a significant reduction in either the nature or scope of duties and responsibilities, a reduction in compensation or a required relocation. All outstanding awards under the 2015 Stock Incentive Plan (the “2015 Plan”) remained in effect according to the terms of the 2015 Plan and the respective agreements relating to such awards. In addition, any shares that are currently available under the 2015 Plan and any shares underlying awards under the 2015 Plan which are forfeited, cancelled, reacquired by the Company or otherwise terminated will be added to the number of shares available for grant under the 2021 Plan. As of December 31, 2021, there are an aggregate of 3,521,949 shares available for future grants under the 2021 Plan.

During the twelve-months ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, stock options granted were 3,537,500 and 653,750, respectively. The following table summarizes amounts charged to expense for stock-based compensation related to employee and director stock option grants:

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On March 4, 2021, we granted 2,810,000 contingent non-statutory stock option awards at an exercise price of $1.74 per share to our employees. Each of these grants was contingent on approval of the 2021 Plan that was voted on and approved by the stockholders

at the Annual Meeting of Stockholders held on June 23, 2021. In accordance with the timing of the stockholder approval, the Company recognized the compensation expense of the contingent non-statutory stock option awards issued in March 2021 beginning in June 2021 and continuing through the vesting period.

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Assumptions Used in Determining Fair Value

Valuation and amortization method. The fair value of each stock award is estimated on the grant date using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. The estimated fair value of employee stock options is amortized to expense using the straight-line method over the required service period which is generally the vesting period. The estimated fair value of the non-employee options is amortized to expense over the period during which a non-employee is required to provide services for the award (usually the vesting period).

Volatility. The Company estimates volatility based on the Company’s historical volatility since its common stock has been publicly traded.

Risk-free interest rate. The risk-free interest rate is based on the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of grant commensurate with the expected term assumption.

Expected term. The expected term of stock options granted is based on an estimate of when options will be exercised in the future. The Company applied the simplified method of estimating the expected term of the options, as described in the SEC’s Staff Accounting Bulletins 107 and 110, as the historical experience is not indicative of the expected behavior in the future. The expected term, calculated under the simplified method, is applied to groups of stock options that have similar contractual terms. Using this method, the expected term is determined using the average of the vesting period and the contractual life of the stock options granted. The Company applied the simplified method to non-employees who have a truncation of term based on termination of service and utilizes the contractual life of the stock options granted for those non-employee grants which do not have a truncation of service.

Forfeitures. The Company records stock-based compensation expense only for those awards that are expected to vest. The Company accounts for forfeitures as they occur.

Dividends. The Company has not historically recorded dividends related to stock options.

Summary. The following table summarizes the weighted-average values and assumptions used for stock options granted to employees and directors in the periods indicated:

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Exercise prices for all grants made during the twelve months ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 were equal to the market value of the Company’s common stock on the date of grant. There were 3,537,500 stock options granted during the twelve months ended December 31, 2021.

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Stock Option Activity

A summary of stock option activity is as follows:

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The aggregate intrinsic value of options outstanding is calculated based on the positive difference between the estimated per-share fair value of common stock at the end of the respective period and the exercise price of the underlying options. Shares of common stock issued upon the exercise of options are from authorized but unissued shares.

The weighted-average grant-date fair value of options granted during the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 was $0.94 and $1.42, respectively. The total fair value of shares vested during the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 was $537,453 and $389,398, respectively. The weighted-average grant-date fair value of vested and unvested options outstanding at December 31, 2021 was $1.39 and $0.98, respectively. The weighted-average grant-date fair value of vested and unvested options outstanding at December 31, 2020 was $6.62 and $1.44, respectively.

The weighted average grant date fair value of options forfeited during the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 was $1.02 and $1.90, respectively. The number of options vested during the years ended December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020 was 381,010 and 209,354, respectively. The number of options unvested at January 1, 2021 and January 1, 2020 was 726,139 and 361,743, respectively. The weighted average grant date fair value of options unvested at January 1, 2021 and January 1, 2020 was $1.44 and $1.82, respectively.

As of December 31, 2021, there was approximately $2,536,428 of total unrecognized compensation cost related to unvested stock-based compensation arrangements. Of this total amount, the Company expects to recognize approximately $1,359,075, $1,001,776, and $175,577 during 2022, 2023 and 2024, respectively. The Company’s expense estimates are based upon the expectation that all unvested options will vest in the future.